Images demonstrate how the vaccine drives the injected person's own cells to replicate the actual coronavirus spike, which is a glycoprotein that sticks out from its surface.
The spikes on the surface of the host's own cells are then recognised by the immune system as a foreign invader and attacked with antibodies. The immune system learns to recognize and defeat the spike, so that if a person does get reinfected, they can quickly overcome the virus.
The AstraZeneca vaccine is proved to be of high effectiveness at protecting against COVID-19. Researchers from the University of Oxford worked with Professor Max Crispin of the University of Southampton, an expert in virology and glycoproteins, in order to see how good their vaccine was at imitating the coronavirus spike.
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In a laboratory human cells were exposed to the vaccine and after two days the researchers checked the shape and structure of the imitation spikes.
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The used method of analysis is called cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM). Study co-author Professor Peijun Zhang, of the University of Oxford led the imaging work. She commented on the matter, saying:
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“CryoEM is an immensely powerful technique which enabled us to visualise the dense array of spikes that had been manufactured and presented on the surface of the cells.” According to the acquired results, vaccine-induced spikes were almost identical to those of the virus. Professor Crispin said:
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“In this study we set out to see how closely the vaccine induced spikes resembled those of the infectious virus. We were really pleased to see a large amount of native-like spikes…This study will hopefully provide further understanding for the public, helping them see how the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine works. Many people may not realise how their cells become little factories manufacturing viral spikes that then trigger the immune response needed to fight off the disease. This may also provide reassurance that the vaccine is doing its job and generating the material that we need to present to our immune systems.”
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The key to a successful vaccine is ensuring the imitation spike protein it produces is as close to that of the real virus as possible. There are several ways to achieve this resemblance, including the mRNA method of both Pfizer/BioNtech and Moderna and an inactivated virus.
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However, the Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccine uses a different technique, which is based on a common cold virus found in chimps.The team of the researchers inactivated the ape virus and inserted to it a fragment of the coronavirus' genome which is responsible for the production of the critical spike protein.
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The spike protein of coronavirus is its infective part. Nevertheless, it is also the most easily recognised portion.
When a person receives the Oxford vaccine, their cells get infected by the harmless modified chimp virus. After that, the person's own cells read the coronavirus' genetic code and produce a replica of the spike protein on their surface.
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And, as we have previously mentioned, the accurately of these mimic spikes’ resemblance to those of the virus determine the robustness of a person's immunity.
The concern for vaccine developers and academics is that new variants of coronavirus have specific mutations which change the shape of the spike. This might lower immunity provided by vaccines as the new spike seen on variants is significantly different to that of the vaccine.
Therefore, the person who has been vaccinated has antibodies which do not work on the newly mutated strains, rendering them unprotected and vulnerable to infection.
Studies and trials have found that the Oxford vaccine does work against the emerging strains, but not as effectively as it does against the original version of the virus.
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